Combining Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing and Selective Paste Intrusion for Additively Manu-factured Structural Concrete

The Selective Paste Intrusion (SPI) is an additive manufacturing method in which thin layers of aggregates are bond selectively by cement paste only where the structure shall arise. In this way, concrete elements with complex geometries and structures can be produced. To meet optimum between required layer bonding sufficient shape accuracy, rheological properties paste, i.e., its yield stress dynamic viscosity, crucial [1, 2]. combination SPI process Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) enables production free-formed, high-strength reinforced elements, opens up a wide range applications. However, WAAM generates high temperatures, affect thus printing quality [3, 4]. Therefore, we analyzed effect external temperature loads on performance over entire period derived maximum acceptable load for WAAM. experiments showed decreasing viscosity increasing values stepwise from 20 °C to 60 °C. Between 70 °C, behavior suddenly changed, both instantly increased multiple their initial values. subsequent numerical simulation intrusion particle bed, could show that lead poor penetration insufficient bonding, whereas temperatures not detrimental process. results demonstrate possible if adjusted e.g. cooling strategies, distance welding point or time intervals points avoid exceeding